Lutheran Seminary Program in the Southeast
Second Semester 2004-05

I. Visceral Theology: Crumbs of Historical theology from the perspective of hunger

Time: Thursdays 2:00-5:00
Room: 260 B
Instructor: Eliseo Pérez-Álvarez (eperez@lsps.edu)
Office hours: T, Th   10:00-12:00

II.   Description:

Biblical-historical approach to eatables and drinkables and the role they have played in the theological task.   The menu includes: Deus edens or the God who eats and feeds; Theology of the cross and bread; Covenant vs. food terrorism; Taste conquest through the Eucharist; Hospitality over gastro-anomy and gastro-mania; Vegetarianism-femininity heresy; transubstantiation or trangenicization; The liturgical-agricultural calendar; Gastronomical spirituality; Culinary predestination; Spicy heavenography; The most exquisite utopia: an open table.

III.   Objectives:

By the end of the course, the participants will be able to:

17        Food and hunger in the New Testament
Book review # 1:   Dussel, Enrique.   “The Bread of the Eucharistic Celebration as a Sign of Justice in the Community,” in Concilium.   152 (2/1982), 56-65 and Carter, Warren.   “Power, Poverty, Food Shortages and Disease: Toward a People’s History of Matthew”.   Manuscript.

March  

3          Christendom 4th. – 15th.
            And You Welcomed Me, 215-279) Oden

10         The dis-encounter of the three kitchens: Africa, America and Europe
Book review # 2: “Nessan, Craig L. Give Us This Day:   A Lutheran Proposal for Ending World Hunger.   Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 2003.

17         Spring Break

24         Maundy Thursday
             The Reformations 16th.
           The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (200-246), Cunningham-Grell.

31         The Enlightment   18th.
             ¡Vivan los tamales! (231-251), Pilcher.

April     

7           The Industrial Era 19th.
Book review # 3: Pérez-Álvarez, Eliseo. We Be Jammin” (First Part).

14         The Green Revolution – The transgenics 20th.
             Farmageddon (1-8, 169-196), Kneen.

C.   Three critical reviews: Between 2 and 3 pages each: 40%

Carter, Warren.   “Power, Poverty, Food Shortages and Disease: Toward a People’s History of Matthew”   Manuscript.

Cunningham, Andrew – Ole Peter Grell.   The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Religion, War, Famine and Death in Reformation Europe.   Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Dussel, Enrique.   “The Bread of the Eucharistic Celebration as a Sign of Justice in the Community,” in Concilium.   152 (2/1982), 56-65.

Juengst, Sara Covin.   Breaking Bread: The Spiritual Significance of Food.   Louisville, KY: Westminster/ John Knox Press, 1992.

Kneen, Brewster.   Farmageddon: Food and the Culture of Biotechnology.   Brithish Columbia, Canada: New Society Publishers, 1999.

Nessan, Craig L. Give Us This Day:   A Lutheran Proposal for Ending World Hunger.   Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 2003.

Oden, Amy G. And You Welcomed Me: A Sourcebook on Hospitality in Early Christianity.   Nashville: Abingdon, 2001.

B.   Web Sites

2.   Food and hunger in the New Testament

4.   Christendom IV – XV

• Bode, Willi.   European Gastronomy: The History of Man’s Food and Eating Customs.  Londond: Grub Street, 2000.
• Newman, Lucile F. (ed.) Hunger in History: Food Shortage, Poverty and Deprivation.   Oxford, UK/ Cambridge: Blackwell, 1995.
• Soonenfeld, Albert (ed). Food: A Culinary History from Antiquity to the Present.   New York: Penguin Books, 1999.
• Toussaint-Samat, Maguelonne.   History of Food.   Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1992.
• Walker Bynum, Caroline.   Holy Feast and Holy Fast: The Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women.   Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.

5.   The des-encounter of the three kitchens: Africa, America and Europe

• Bolívar Aróstegui, Natalia.   Mitos y leyendas de la comida afrocubana.   San Juan, PR: Plaza Mayor, 2000.
• Coe, Sophie D.   Las primeras cocinas de América.   México, DF: FCE, 2004.
• Fujigaki, Esperanza.   La agricultura, siglos XVI al XX. Mexico, DF: UNAM/ Oceano, 2004.
• Mintz, Sidney W.   Tasting Food, Tasting Freedom: Excursions into Eating, Culture, and the Past.   Boston: Beacon Press, 1996.
• Villapoll, Nitza, “Hábitos alimentarios africanos en América Latina” en África en América Latina.   Manuel Moreno Fraginals (ed). México, D.F.: Siglo XXI, 1996.

6.   The Reformations XVI

• Bonanno, Alessandro et. al. From Columbus to ConAgra:   The Globalization of Agriculture and Food.   Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1994.
• Cunningham, Andrew – Ole Peter Grell.   The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Religion, War, Famine and Death in Reformation Europe.   Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
• Díaz, Lorenzo.   La cocina del barroco; la gastronomía del Siglo de Oro en Lope, Cervantes y Quevedo.   Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 2003.
• Prentice, E. Parmalee.   Hunger and History: The Influence of Hunger on Human History.   Caldwell, Idaho: 1951.
• Wallerstein, Immanuel.   The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century.   New York/ San Francisco/ London: Academic Press, 1974.

7.   The Enlightment   XVIII

• Jones, Evan.   American Food: The Gastronomical Story.   New York: Vintage Books, 1981.
• Onfray, Michel.   El vientre de los filósofos; crítica de la razón dietética.   Gipuzkoa: R&B, 1996.
• Pilcher, Jeffrey M.   ¡Vivan los tamales! La comida y la construcción de la identidad mexicana.   México, DF: Conaculta, 2001.
• Rigotti, Francesca.   Filosofía en la cocina; pequeña crítica de la razón culinaria.   Barcelona: Herder, 2001. 

8.   The Industrial Era XIX

• Fernández-Armesto, Felipe.   Near A Thousand Tables: A History of Food.   New York: The Free Press, 2002.
• Melotti, Umberto.   Sociología del hambre; de la toma de conciencia del problema a una nueva estrategia para el desarrollo económico.   México, D.F.: FCE, 1984.
• Ritchie, Carson I.A. Food in Civilization: How History has benn affected by Human Tastes.   New York/ Toronto: Beaufort Books, 1981.

9.   The Green Revolution

• Bennett, Jon and Susan George.   The Hunger Machine: The Politics of Food.   Oxford: Polity Press, 1987.
• Benjamin, Medea/   Joseph Collins and Michael Scott (eds.). No Free Lunch: Food & Revolution in Cuba Today.   San Francisco, CA: Food First, 1984.
• Edwin, Ed.   Feast or Famine: Food, Farming, and Farm Politics in America.   New York: Charterhouse, 1974.
• Lang, Tim – Michael Heasman.   Food Wars: The Global Battle for Mouths, Minds and Markets.   London: Earthscan, 2004.
• Nestle, Marion.   Food Politics: How Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health.   Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.
• Street, Richard Steven.   Photographying Farmworkers in California.   Stanford CA: Stanford University Press, 2004.\
• Warnock, John W.   The Politics of Hunger:   The Global Food System.   Toronto: Methuen, 1987.
• Ziegler, Jean. El hambre en el mundo explicada a mi hijo. Muchnik.

10.   The transgenics XX

• Bell, David/ Gill Valentine.   Consuming Geographies: We Are Where We Eat.   London/ New York:Routledge, 1997.
• Dreze, Jean/ Amartya Sen, and Athar Hussain.   The Political Economy of Hunger: Selected Essays.   Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.
• Riches, Graham (ed.)   First World Hunger: Food Security and Welfare Politics.   New York: Sn. Martin’s Press, 1997.
• Torres Torres, Felipe and Yolanda Trápaga Delfín.   La alimentación de los mexicanos en la alborada del tercer milenio.   México, DF: Porrúa/ UNAM, 2001.

A.   Deus edens or the God who eats and feeds

Cakenaka, Masao.   God is Rice: Asian Culture and Christian Faith.   Geneva: World Council of Churches, 1986.

Claassens, L. Juliana M.   The God Who Provides: Biblical Images of Divine Nourishment.   Nashville: Abingdom, 2004.

Hellwig, Monika K.   The Eucharist and the Hunger of the World.   Franklin, WI: Sheed & Ward, 1999.

Laverdiere, Eugene.  Dining in the Kingdom of God: The Origins of the Eucharist According to Luke.   Chicago: Liturgy Training Publications, 1994.

———, Pan, casa, Palabra; la iglesia en Marcos, Salamanca, España: Sígueme, 1998.

Webster, Jane S.   Ingesting Jesus: Eating and Drinking in the Gospel of John.   Atlanta: SBL, 2003.

B.   Theology of the cross and bread

Aguirre, Rafael.   La mesa compartida; estudios del NT desde las ciencias sociales.   Santander: Sal Terrae, 1994.

Allen, Atewart Lee.   In the Devil’s Garden: A Sinful History of Forbiden Food.   New York: Ballantine Books, 2002.

Balasuriya, Tissa.   The Eucharist and Human Liberation.   Maryknoll, Nueva York, NY: Orbis Books, 1979.

Grassi, Joseph A.   Broken Bread and Broken Bodies: The Lord’s Supper and World Hunger.   Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1985.

McCuen, Marnie J. (ed.).   Famine & Fat: Readings on Poverty, Wealth, and Food Security.   Hudson, WI: Gary & McCuen Publications, 2000.

C.    Covenant vs. food terrorism

Eisinger, Peter K.   Toward an End to Hunger in America.   Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1998.

Juengst, Sara Covin.   Breaking Bread: The Spiritual Significance of Food.   Louisville, KY: Westminster/ John Knox Press, 1992.

Levenstein, Harvey.   Paradox of Plenty: A Social History of Eating in Modern America.   New York/ Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.

Motta Ribeiro, Ana María and Jorge Atílio S. Iulianelli.   Narcotráfico e violencia no campo.   Rio de Janeiro: DP& A Editora, 2000.

Semprún, Jorge - Olivier Longué.   Geopolítica del hambre; cuando el hambre es un arma... Informe 2000.   Barcelona: Icaria, 1900.

Watson, James L. (ed.) Golden Arches East: McDonalds in East Asia. Standford: Standford University Press, 1998.

Young, E.M.   World Hunger.   London/ New York: Routledge. 1997.

D.   Taste conquest through the Eucharist

Aguilar Sánchez, Carlo G. (ed.)   Los (mal) tratados de libre comercio.   San José, Costa Rica: DEI, 2003.

Belasco, Warren and Philip Scranton.   Food Nations: Selling Taste in Comsumer Societies.   New York/   London: Routledge, 2002.

Kass, Leon R.   The Hungry Soul: Eating and the Perfecting of Our Nature.   Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.

Long, Janet (ed). Conquista y comida; consecuencias del encuentro de dos mundos.   México, D.F.: UNAM, 1996.

Moreno, Raúl.   The Free Trade Agreement Between the United States and Central America: Economic and Social Impact.   Managua: Ediciones Educativas, n.d.

Weatherford, Jack.   Native Roots: How the Indians Enrich America.   New York:   Fawcett Columbine, 1991.

E.   Hospitality over gastro-anomy and gastro-mania

Aiken, William and Hugh La Follette.   World Hunger and Moral Obligation.   New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1977.

Critser, Greg.   Fat Land: How Americans Became the Fattest People in the World.   Boston/ New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2003.

Schlosser, Eric.   Fast Food Nation: the Dark Side of the All-American Meal.   Boston - New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000.

Wood, Roy C. The Sociology of Meal, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1995.

F.   Vegetarianism-femininity heresy

Adams, Carol J.   The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory.   New York: Continuum, 2000.

Beard, James.   Delights and Prejudices: Philadelphia: Running Press, 2001.

Coetzee, J.M.   Las vidas de los animales.   Barcelona: Mondadori, 2001.

Counihan, Carole M.   The Anthropology of Food and Body: Gender, Meaning and Power.   New York/   London: Routledge, 1999.

Le Bras-Chopard, Armelle.   El zoo de los filósofos; de la bestialización a la exclusión.   Madrid: Taurus, 2003.

Schwartz, Richard H.   Judaism and Vegetarianism.   Marblehead, MA: Micah, 1988.

Spencer, Colin.   The Heretic’s Feast: A History of Vegetarianism.   Hanover, H.H.: University Press of New England, 1995.

Spiegel, Marjorie.   The Dreaded Comparison: Human and Animal Slavery.   London/ Philadelphia, Heretic Books/ New Society Publishers, 1988.

Williams, Howard.   The Ethics of Diet: A Catena of Authorities Deprecatory of the Practice of Flesh-Eating.   Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2003.

G.   Transubstantiation or trangenicization

Kneen, Brewster.   Farmageddon: Food and the Culture of Biotechnology.   Brithish Columbia, Canada: New Society Publishers, 1999.

Manning, Richard.   Food’s Frontiers: The Next Green Revolution.   New York: North Point Press, 2000.

Shiva, Vandana.   Stolen Harvest: The Hijacking of the Global Food Supply.   Cambridge: South End Press, 2000.

———, Biopiracy: The Plunder of Nature and Knowledge.   Boston, MA: South End Press, 1997.

H.   The liturgical-agricultural calendar

Arbelos, Carlos.   Gastronomía de las tres culturas; recetas y relatos de los siglos XIII y XVI.   Granada: Caja Granada, 2004.

Jones, Ita.   The Grubbag: An Underground Cookbook.   New York: Vintage Books, 1971.

Levy, Paul (ed.)   The Penguin Book of Food and Drink.   London: Pinguin, 1997.

Nelson, Jack A.   Hunger for Justice: The Politics of Food and Faith.   Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1980.

I.   Gastronomical spirituality

Schut, Michael (ed.) Food and Faith: Justice, Joy and Daily Bread.   Denver: Living the Good News, 2002.

Toton, Suzanne C. World Hunger:   The Responsibility of Christian Education.   Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1982.

Whitcomb, Holly W.   Feasting with God: Adventures in Table Spirituality.   Cleveland: United Church Press, 1996.

J.   Culinary predestination

Bentley, Amy.   Eating for Victory: Food Rationing and the Politics of Domesticity.   Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.

Berry, Wendell.   The Art of the Commonplace: Agrarian Essays of Wendel Berry.   Washington DC: Shoemaker & Hoard, 2002.

Davies, Belinda J.   Home Fires Burning: Food, Politics, and Everyday Life in World War I Berlin.   North Carolina: North Carolina Press, 2000.

Goody, Jack.   Cooking, Cuisine and Class: A Study in Comparative Sociology.   Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Sack, Daniel.   Whitebread Protestants: Food and Religion in American Culture.   New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000.

K.   Spicy heavenography

Bonder, Nilton.   The Kabbalah of Food: Conscious Eating, for Physical, Emotional, and Spiritual Health.   Boston/ London: Shambhala, 1998.

Campbell, Cathy C. Stations of the Banquet: Faith Foundations for Food Justice.   Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2003.

Salinas Campos, Maximiliano.   Gracias a Dios que comí; el cristianismo en Iberoamérica y el Caribe. Siglos XV-XX.   México, DF: Dabar, 2,000.

L.   The most exquisite utopia: an open table.

Ávila, Rafael.   Worship and Politics.   Maryknoll, NY:   Orbis, 1981.

Crossan, John Dominic.   The Historical Jesus:   The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant.   San Francisco, CA: Harper San Francisco, 1992.

Jung, L. Shannon.   Food for Life: The Spirituality and Ethics of Eating.   Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2004.

McCormick, Patrick T.   A Banqueter’s Guide to the All-Night Soutp Kitchen of the Kingdom of God.   Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2004.

M.   Eat, Drink and be merry, that tomorrow we will diet!

Abel, Bob.   The Beer Book.   London: Quick Fox, 1981.

Ayeb, Habib.   Agua y poder; geopolítica de los recursos hidráulicos en Oriente Próximo.   Barcelona: Bellaterra, 2001.

Fuller, Robert C. Religion and Wine: A Cultural History of Wine Drinking in the United States. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1999.

Illich, Ivan.   El H 2O y las aguas del olvido; reflexiones sobre la historicidad de la “materia”, aquello de lo que las cosas están hechas.   México, DF: Joaquín Mórtiz, 1993.

Shiva, Vandana.   Water Wars: Privatization, Pollution and Profit.   Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 2002.

N.   “The More the Merrier”Anorexy and Obesity

Campillo Álvarez, José Enrique.   El mono obeso; la evolución humana y las enfermedades de la opulencia: diabetes, hipertensión, arteriosclerosis.   Barcelona: Crítica, 2004.

Couninhan, Carole - Penny Van Esterik (eds.). Food and Culture: A Reader, New York: Routledge, 1997.

Griffith, R. Marie.   Born Again Bodies: Flesh and Spirit in American Christianity.   Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.

Grimm, Veronika.   From Feasting to Fasting, The Evolution of a Sin: Attitudes to Food in Late Antiquity. New York: Routheledge, 1996.

Mennell, Stephen, Anne Murcott, and Anneke H. Van Otterloo.   The Sociology of Food. Eating, Diet, and Culture.   London: Sage, 1992.

O.   Ecce Panis: Ontology and Food

Beckmann, David - Arthur Simon.   Grace at the Table: Ending Hunger in God’s World. New York: Paulist Press, 1999.

Counihan, Carole and Penny van Esterik (eds.)   Food and Culture:   A Reader.   New York/   Londond: Routledge, 1997.

Thompson, Becky W.   A Hunger so Wide and so Deep: American Women Speak Out on Eating Problems.   Minneapolis/ London:   University of Minnesota Press, 1994.

Visser, Margaret.   Much Depends on Dinner: The Extraordinary History adn Mythology, Allure and Obsessions, Perils and Taboos of an Ordinary Meal. New York: Macmillan, 1988.

Witt, Doris.   Black Hunger: Food and the Politics of US Identity.   New York/ Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.

P.   Ethiquete

Amat, Jean-Marie and Jean-Didier Vincent.   Una nueva fisiología del gusto.   Barcelona: RBA Libros, 2003.

Carreño, Manuel Antonio.   Manual de Urbanidad y Buenas Maneras. México, D.F.: Época, 2003.

Curiel Monteagudo, José Luis I.   Virreyes y virreinas golosos de la Nueva España.   México, DF: Porrúa, 2004.

Lévi-Strauss, Claude.   The Origin of Table Manners, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1978.

Vanderbilt, Amy.   Etiquette.   Garden City, NY:   Doubleday and Company Inc.   1972.

Vázquez, Lydia.   Abecedario gastronómico; paseo por la literatura y el arte del buen comer.   Bilbao: Universidad del País Vasco, 2002.

Visser, Margaret.   The Rituals of Dinner: The Origins, Evolution, Eccentricities and Meanning of Table Manners.   Toronto: Harper Collins, 1991.

Watson, James L.   Golden Arches East: McDonald’s in East Asia.   Standford, CA: Standford University Press, 1997.

Food and hunger in the Hebrew Bible

Bible imperative:   Deuteronomy 15.4   “Not one of your people will be poor”

Berith:   Psalm 111.5

Essence of wine:   Psalm 104. 13-15

Re-distribution of wealth:           The Sabbath      Ex. 31.17

The Sabbatical Year      Lv. 25. 2-7

The Jubilee        Lv.   25. 23-24

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To Eat and to Be

We know that hunger is mortal.   And if we know that,
doest it make any sense to waste time arguing
whether the soul is immortal?  
Camilo Torres (1929-1966)
Lecture 05/22/1965 1.

A philosophical dictum states: Primum vivere, deinde philosophari (first we live, and then we philosophize).   Kierkegaard underscored: Livet kan kun forståes baglæns, men det må leves forlæns (life has to be understood backwards but it must be lived forwards).   From the perspective of the table, what matters is: Primum est edere, deinde philosophari (first we eat, and then we philosophize).   Berthold Brecht (1898-1956) put it this way: Erst kommt das Fressen, dann die Moral (Grub first, then ethics). 2.

Heiddeger raised the ontological question: “why are there things instead of nothing?”   But Brazilian theologian Vitor Westhelle links ontology with food: “why there are things instead of food on my table?” Last century still a polite salutation among Chinese peasants was: “Have you eaten?” 3.

Feurbach was right in asserting: Der Mensch ist was er iβt, we are what we eat, nonetheless, he took for granted everybody had access to food.   Jesus is telling us: “We are not, unless we eat.”   He articulated the table with the ontological horizon.   There’s   a continuity between our being and our eating.   Francis of Assisi rightly said: “my sister hen, my brother wheat.”

To Christ the fulfilling of His Father’s will was food; and to us infants, who milk the Word of the heavens, Christ Himself is food.   Hence seeking is called sucking; for those infants who seek the Word, the Father’s nipples of the love of humankind supply milk.
- Clement of Alexandria, Paedagogos 1.6. 46.1

Without food, there is no life.   When starving people eat food, they experience God “in every grain.” They “know” and “taste” God when they chew each grain.   Food makes them alive.   The greatest love of God for the starving people is food.   When the grain from the earth sustains their life, they discover the meaning of the phrase, “For God so loves this world that He gives His beloved Son.” When God gives them food through other concerned human beings, God gives them God’s “beloved Son,” Jesus Christ. 4.
- Cheng Jun Kyung

“One cannot think well, love well, sleep well, if one has not dine well.”
- Virginia Wolf   A Room of One’s Own

Only one thing matters on earth:   the revolution which well provide food for the entire world.”
- Simone Weil (1909-43)

The Reformations 16 th, 17   th Centuries

Thomas Muntzer (1489-1525)

As Thomas Muntzer has said, "If you do not want the bitter Christ you will eat yourself to death on honey." Or, to put it another way, there comes a time in all our lives when "Smile, God loves you" just doesn't hack it anymore”

Albert Durer (1471-1528)

“while they stand ready to take the fateful bite of that forbiden fruit, a cat waits at their feet, poised to pounce upon the unsuspecting mouse.   Her capacity for murderous violence –and that of all living creatures- is about to unleashed by human sin” (Pagels, Elaine.   Adam, Eve and the Serpent, 148).

Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)  

Spiritual Exercises (SE 210-217)   “reach a level of moderation” he pursued “what is most appropriate for his physical sustenance” (SE 213)

“that one’s whole mind should not be intent on what is being consumed; and nor should the consumer be put under pressure by his appetite but instead should be his own master”. (SE 214-216)

“afeter eating or having dinner or at other times when you are not hungry, choose what you will eat at your next meal. . . a quantity that is fitting to eat”   (SE 217).   (Cortina,   29-30).

Benedict of Palermo, “The Little Black Saint” (1526-1589)  

Illiterate laybrother,   cook, son of African slaves, a Franciscan.   Patron of African-Americans in USA.   He was represented carrying Jesus and with a small cauldron.

Martin de Porres   (1579-1639)

Peruvian mulatoe.   Nurse, cook and laybrother of the Dominican order.

Represented as feeding a dog, cat and mouse while telling them: “eat my brothers and don’t fight”

Cromwell, Oliver (1559-1658)

Seized the very rare fertile land of Ireland for the English landowers.   Cereals grew poorly.   Potato was the solution to solve hunger.   British didn’t care because potato was not listed in the Bible, it was food of conquered people, they were not familiar with eating tubers, potato was associated with leprosy and promiscuity, it belong to an inferior race, it was a threat to civilization. (Pollan, 2002, 198 ff)

Cortina-Ignasi Carreras, Adela.   I Buy. . . Therefore I am.   Barcelona: Cristianisme i Justicia Booklets, 2004.

Pollan, Michael.   The Botany of Desire: A Pant-Eye view of the world,   New York: Random House, 2002.

Enlightenment

Malthus, Thomas Robert   (1766-1834).   His logic consisted in asserting two main people’s impulses:   food and sex.   Therefore, famine prevent demographic exploition.   Potato then is immoral because by alleviating hunger breaks the balance of human population: “the indolent and turbulent habits of the lower Irish can never be corrected while the potato system enables them to increse so much beyond the regular demand for labour” (Pollan, 2002, 204)

Gastro-anomie
The family that eats together... might prefer not to”

“A full time house wife who lives with her family at Minneapolis says that each one of the members of her family is in charge of   their own nutritional needs since she stopped planning and preparing their meals three years ago.   David, a 13–year-old, survives based on a diet of cereal, milk, peanut butter, raisins, frozen pizza, orange juice, McDonald’s hamburgers, french fries, and milk shakes. Some times I’m sure he will be converted into a pizza, but his height is 6 feet. And he is a vigorous athlete”. Delzell says that her family could’ve organized to eat together “with a long term planning, sacrifycing individual interests, a complex juggling of schedules, or if needed, by force.   But everything we got when we made an attempt was a strong resentment on the children’s part, a major pressure for my husband and frustration for me.   The change in our life style means that we get more time to share together –even though it is not at meal time- and we are more relaxed.”   (Linda E. Delzell, “The family that eats together... might prefer not to”, Ms, 8:56-57, 1980)

Emile Durkheim   The Division of Labour in Society (1893).   Anomie: a condition of deregulation that was accuming society.   A state where norms are confused.   The break down of norms.

Claude Fischler   “Gastronomie et gastro-anomie” 1979.

Anti-cooking

Feminist
Charlotte Anna Perkins Gilman (1860-1935)   Hartford Connecticut.

Socialist
Edward Bellamy (1850-97)   Looking Backward 1887.

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1. Camilo Torres, Cristianismo y revolución, Mexico City: Era, 1970.

2. I thank René Krüger for this quotation.

3. Josué de Castro, The Geography of Hunger, Boston: Little, Brown and Co. 1952, 141.

4. Cheng Jun Kyung, quoted by Elisabeth Schussler Fiorenza, Jesus’ Miriam’s Child, Sophia’s Prophet: Critical Issues in Feminist Theology, New York: Continuum, 1995, 127.